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Independent States |
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BRUNEI (Negara Brunei Darussalam) |
Regime : Constitutional
sultanate His Majesty
SultanHaji Hassanal Bolkiah
Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah
- Chief of
State Born : 15th July
1946 at the Istana (Palace) Darussalam Education :
Received his early education in the form of
private tuition at the Istana Darul Hana and
attended top institutions in both Brunei and Malaya
(Peninsular Malaysia) before furthering his studies
in the United Kingdom where he later qualified for
admission as an officer cadet at the Sandhurst
Royal Military Academy and was commissioned as a
Captain in 1967. He left Sandhurst in October of
the same year to ascend the throne. (Sultan since 5 October 1967) (Prime Minister since 1 Jan 1984) The Monarch is both Chief
of State and of the Government. The monarchy is
hereditary. Legislative
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CAMBODIA (Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea) |
Regime : Multiparty liberal
democracy under a constitutional monarchy
established in September 1993 KingNorodom
Sihanouk -
Chief of State Born
: October 31, 1922 in
in Phnom Penh, Cambodia Education :
Educated in Saigon and
Paris and was elected king by a royal council in
1941. (Restored since 24 September 1993 - 2nd
time) The monarchy is
hereditary. SamdechHun
Sen
- Head of the Government Born : 4 April 1952
in Peam Koh Smar, district of Stueng Trang, Kompong
Cham province. Education : 1958 to
1964, he attended the primary school in the village
where he was born.Attended secondary school at the
Indra Devi school. PhD in Political science from
the Academy Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh) -Hanoi
(1991). Party : KPK
(Kanakpak Pracheachon Kâmpuchéa /
Cambodian People's Party) Political career :
Joined the communist movement when he stayed
in Phnom Penh- from 1965. Member of the political
Bureau and of the PRPK Central Committee then of
the PPC (since May 1981). Vice-president of the
Council (June 1981-January 1985) and Foreign
Ministre (May 1981-January 1985). President of the
Council and Foreign Minister (14 janvier 1985).
Prime minister of the EDC until June 1993. PPC
Member of Parliament for Kompong Cham (10 June
1993). Co-president and co-minister of Defense and
Home Affairs of the GNPC (July 1993).
Second prime minister of the
GRC (November 1994). PPC Member of Parliament for
Kompong Cham. Prime Minister of the Kingdom of
Cambodia. (Prime Minister since 30
November 1998) Prime minister appointed
by the monarch after a vote of confidence by the
National Assembly. Legislative
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INDONESIA (Republik Indonesia) |
Regime : Republic Abdurrahman
Wahid -
Chief of State Born
: 1940 in East
Java Education/Profession
: He studied at
Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, and at the
University of Baghdad in Iraq. From 1972 to 1974,
he served as dean of the faculty of theology at
Hasyim Asyari University in Jombang. From 1974 to
1980, he was secretary-general of an Islamic
boarding school in Jombang. In 1979, Wahid was
chosen as first secretary of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU),
Indonesia's largest Muslim organization. In 1984,
he became its chairman. Party
: PKB (Partai
Kebangkitan Bangsa / National Awakening Party)
Political career
: Elected president of
Indonesia in October 1999. (President since 20 October 1999) The president is both
chief of state and head of government. President and vice
president selected by consensus by the People's
Consultative Assembly for five-year terms ;
selection last held 10 October 1999 (next to be
held by 10 October 2004) Megawati
Sukarnaputri - Vice-President Born : January 23,
1947, in Jogjakarta, in west Java Education : Studied
social and political science at the university
level but never completed a degree. Party : PDIP
(Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan / Struggling
Indonesian Democratic Party) Political career
: In 1993, was
elected leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party.
vice president of Indonesia in 1999. (Vice-President since 20 October 1999) Legislative
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LAOS (Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao) |
Regime : Communist
state Khamtai
Siphandon -
Chief of State Born
: February 8, 1924
Champassak province, Laos Party
: PPPL (Phak
Paxaxôn Pativat Lao / People's Party of
Laos) Political career :
1947 Took part in the
revolutionary movement. 1952 Member of the Central
Committee of the Lao Issara (Lao Freedom Front).
1952-54 Chairman of the Committee of the Central
Region. 1954 Member of the Communist Party of
Indochina. 1955-57 Chief of Staff of the Pathet Lao
Forces. 1956 Member of the Lao People's Party. 1957
Member of the Central Party Committee.The 1972
Second, 1982 Third, 1986 Fourth and 1992 Fifth
Congresses of the Party elected him a member of the
Party Central Committee and Politburo. 1975-91:
Vice Prime Minister, Minister of National Defense
and Commander-in-Chief of the Lao People's
Army. Feb.22,1993 In the preliminary session of the
Third National Assembly, he was appointed Prime
Minister of the Lao People's Democratic
Republic. (President since 24 February 1998) President elected by the
National Assembly for a five-year term ; election
last held 21 December 1997 (next to be held NA
2002) vacant
(Vice-President) Sisavat
Keobounphan - Head of the
Government Born : May 1, 1928
at Houay Kaleum village, Samneua district,
Houaphanh province. Education :
Graduated from a high-level school for political
ideology in Vietnam Party
: PPPL (Phak
Paxaxôn Pativat Lao / People's Party of
Laos) (Prime Minister since 24 February 1998) Prime minister appointed
by the president with the approval of the National
Assembly for a five-year term. Legislative
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MALAYSIA (Malayan Union) |
Regime : Constitutional monarchy
SultanSalahuddin Abdul
Aziz Shah -
Chief of State Born
: 1926 Education :
Received his early education
at Pangkalan Batu Malay School I, Kelang in 1934,
before pursuing his studies at the Malay College in
Kuala Kangsar till December 1941 when the Second
World War broke out. In 1947, His
Majesty continued his studies at the School of
Oriental Studies, University of London for two
years. On returning to the country, served in the
Public Services Department as a trainee officer
with the Selangor Survey Department. Later
was appointed as Inspector of School for eight
years. Note
: Appointed Tengku
Laksamana Selangor on August 1, 1946. On May 13,
1950 he was appointed the Regent of Selangor.
Following the demise of late the Sultan Hisamuddin
Alam Shah Alhaj on September 1, 1960,was appointed
the Sultan of Selangor on September 3, 1960.
Installed as the Sultan on 1999. (Chief of State since 23
September 1999) Paramount ruler and deputy
paramount ruler elected by and from the hereditary
rulers of nine of the states for five-year terms ;
election last held 4 September 1999 (next to be
held NA 2004) Dato' Seri Dr.Mahatir
bin Mohammad - Head of the
Government Born : 20 December
1925 in Alor Setar, the capital of the State of
Kedah. Education :
Secondary education in his home town. In 1947, he
gained admission into the King Edward VII College
of Medicine in Singapore. Upon graduation, he
joined the Malaysian government service as a
Medical Officer. Party
: UMNO
(Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu / United
Malays National Organisation) (Prime Minister since 16 July 1981) Prime minister designated
from among the members of the House of
Representatives ; following legislative elections,
the leader of the party that wins a plurality of
seats in the House of Representatives becomes prime
minister. Legislative
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MYANMAR (Myanma Naingngandaw) |
Regime : Military regime
Gen.Than
Shwe
- Chief of
State Born :
1933 in Kyaukse,
Myanmar Education/Profession :
He earned over sixteen
decorations and medals while achieving twelve
appointments including, platoon commander, company
commander No.1 Burma Regiment, during the years
1953 until 1958; commander, No. 1 Burma Regiment,
1970; deputy commander, No. 88 Light Infantry
Division, 1977; and vice-chief of staff (Army) in
1985. Political career :
In 1992, General Than
Shwe was elected chairman of the State Law and
Order Restoration Council and prime minister of the
Government of the Union of Myanmar. (Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace
and Development Council since 23
april 1992) The President is both
Chief of State and head of the
Government. Note : the prime minister
is both the chief of state and head of the
government. Legislative
: SEE PARLIAMENT |
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PHILIPPINES (Republika ng Pilipinas) |
Regime : Republic
Maria Gloria
Macaraeg
Macapagal-Arroyo
- Chief of
State Born
: in 1949 in San Juan,
Manila Education : High
school valedictorian in Assumption Convent, Magna
cum Laude in Assumption College, and a Dean's List
Student in Georgetown University in Washington,
D.C. She is a Doctor of Economics. (President since 20 January 2001) Note :
President after the chief
justice proclaimed the presidency vacant, following
the resignation of several ministers from President
Joseph Estrada's cabinet. The President is both
Chief of State and head of the
Government. President and vice
president elected on separate tickets by popular
vote for six-year terms ; election last held 11 May
1998 (next to be held 11 May 2004) Teofisto T.
Guingona Jr. - Vice President Born : on July 4,
1928 in San Juan, Rizal Education : Studied
at the Ateneo de Manila University and taught law,
political science and history in the same
school. Political experience
: Delegate, Constitutional Convention, 1971.
Chairman, RP-CPP/NPA Peace Talks, 1986. Elected
Senator, 1987-1992. Executive Secretary of
President Ramos, 1993-1995. Secretary, Department
of Justice, 1995-1998. Chairman, Presidential
Anti-Crime Commission, 1997-1998. (Vice President since 09 February 2001) Legislative
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SINGAPORE (Republic of Singapore) |
Regime : Republic within
Commonwealth Sellapan
Ramanathan
[S.R.Nathan]
- Chief of
State Born
: 1924 (President since 1
September 1999) President elected by
popular vote for a six-year term ; election last
held 24 August 1999 (next to be held NA August
2005) Goh Chok
Tong - Head
of the Government Born : 20 May
1941 Education :
Secondary school education at Raffles
Institution, Singapore's oldest school. He studied
Economics at the University of Singapore where he
graduated with First Class Honours. Party : PAP
(People's Action Party / Partai Tindakan
Rakyat) (Prime Minister since 28
November 1990) Following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed
prime minister by the president ; deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president. Legislative
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THAILAND (Kingdom of Thailand) |
Regime : Constitutional monarchy
Bhumibol
Adulyadej (Rama IX)
- Chief of
State Born
: 5th of December
1927, at Mount Auburn Hospital, in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A. Education
: "Ecole Nouvelle de
la Suisse Romande", Chailly sur Lausanne. "Gymnase
Classique Cantonal "in Lausanne where he received
his Baccalaureate. Chose to enter Lausanne
University and studied science, but the sudden
death of his elder brother, King Ananda Mahidol, in
Bangkok on the 9th of June, 1946, completely
changed the course of his life for the Law of
Succession bestowed on him the arduous but
challenging function of the Thai Crown. (King since 9 June 1946) The monarchy is
hereditary. Thaksin
Shinawatra - Head of the Government Born : July 26,1949
in Chiangmai, Thailand Education/Profession
: Started his career as a policeman in 1973
before receiving a government scholarship to study
for a master degree in criminal justice in Eastern
Kentucky University. He earned a doctorate in the
same subject from Sam Houston State University in
1978 and then taught at the Thai Police Cadet
Academy before resigning in 1987 to embark on a
business career. In 1982, he and his wife founded a
company that was to grow into Shinawatra Computer,
a system integrator and reseller of IBM
computers. Party : TRT (Thai
Rak Thai Pak / Thai Love Thai Party) Politicar career :
He became head of the Palang Dharma party in
1995 and was appointed deputy prime minister by
then prime minister Banharn Silpa-archa. He founded
the Thai Rak Thai party on July 14, 1998, pledging
to inject new blood into Thai politics. (Prime Minister since 9
Feb 2001) Prime minister designated
from among the members of the House of
Representatives ; following a national election for
the House of Representatives, the leader of the
party that can organize a majority coalition
usually becomes prime minister. Legislative
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VIETNAM (Cong Hoa Chu Nghia Viet Nam) |
Regime : Communist state
Tran Duc
Luong
- Chief of
State Born : 1937 in the Central
Province of Quang Ngai. Education : Completed
primary and secondary school in his hometown before
moving to Hanoi in 1955. Graduated from the College
of Geology in 1958, and from the University of
Mining and Geology in 1969. Party
: DCSV (Dang Cong San
Viêt Nam / Communist Party of
Vietnam) (Chief of State
since 24 September 1997) President elected by the
National Assembly from among its members for a
five-year term ; election last held 25 September
1997 (next to be held when National Assembly meets
following legislative elections in NA
2002) Phan Van
Khai - Head of the Government Born : in Ho Chi
Minh City in 1933 Education : 1960
studied at the National Economics University in
Moscow, Russia. Party
: DCSV (Dang Cong San
Viêt Nam / Communist Party of
Vietnam) (Prime Minister since 25 September 1997) Prime minister appointed
by the president from among the members of the
National Assembly ; deputy prime ministers
appointed by the prime minister. Legislative
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CHRISTMAS ISLAND (Territory of Christmas Island) (Territory of Australia) |
Regime : NA QueenELIZABETH
II - Chief
of State (Queen since 6 February 1952) Represented by the
Australian general governor. Bill Taylor
- Head of the Government Born : 1938 (Administrator since 4 February 1999) Administrator appointed by
the governor general of Australia and represents
the monarch and Australia. Legislative
: Unicameral Christmas
Island Shire Council (9 seats ; members elected by
popular vote to serve one-year terms) Elections :
last held December 1999 (next to be held December
2000) |
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COCOS (Keeling) ISLANDS (Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands) (Territory of Australia) |
Regime : NA QueenELIZABETH
II - Chief
of State (Queen since 6 February 1952) Represented by the
Australian governor general. Bill Taylor
- Head of the Government Born : 1938 (Administrator since 4 February 1999) Administrator appointed by
the governor general of Australia and represents
the monarch and Australia. Legislative
: Unicameral Cocos (Keeling)
Islands Shire Council (NA seats) |
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TIMOR (Timor Loro Sae)
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Regime : Timor will be independent
soon. The country is now administered by the United
Nations Transitional Administration in East-Timor.
The Timor file will be updated as soon as more data
are available. Sergio Vieira de Mello
-
Transitional administrator Born
: on March 15, 1948 in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Education :
Studied philosophy in
Paris, and obtained a doctorate in the Sorbonne
University. Carreer :
Deputy General
Secretary of the UN, Mello runs the Office for
Humanitarian Relations since January 1998. He
carried on his whole carreer in the UN. (Transitional
administrator since October 25, 1999) Also : President of
the Provisional Government José Alexandre
Gusmão [Kay Rala Xanana
Gusmão]
- President of CNRT Born : June 20,
1946 in the small country town of Laleia, Manatuto,
East Timor Education :
Completed primary and
started secondary school at the Catholic mission of
"Nossa Senhora de Fatima" in Dare, then went on to
Dili. He started to work very early in life,
mornings as a chartered surveyor and afternoons
teaching at the Chinese school. Party : Fretilin
(Frente Revolucionária do Timor Leste
Independente / Revolutionary Front of a Independent
East Timor) (President of CNRT since 2000) Legislative
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