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Independent States |
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ALBANIA (Republika e Shqiperise) |
Regime : Emergent
Democracy Rexhep Kemal
Meidani - Chief of State Born : August 7,
1944, Tirana, Albania Education : Doctor
es Sciences, 1984, Condensed Matter Physics. Tirana
University, Tirana, Albania (78-84) ; Doctor of
Speciality, 1976, Solid State Physics, Univ. of
Paris XI (Orsay), 1974-1976, France ; D.E.A., 1974,
Solid State Physics, Univ. of Caen, France (1973 -
1974) ; A.E.A., 1974, Spetronomie, Univ. of Caen,
France (1973 - 1974) ; B.S., 1966, Physics, Univ.
of Tirana, Tirana, Albania (1962 - 1966) (with
First Class Honours and Joliot-Curie title). Party : PSSH
(Partia Socialiste ë
Shqipërisë / Socialist Party of
Albania) (President since 24 July 1997) President elected by the
People's Assembly for a five-year term ; election
last held 24 July 1997 (next to be held NA
2002) Ilir Meta -
Head of the Government Born : in 1969 Education :
Graduated from Tirana University, Faculty of
Economics. Party : PSSH
(Partia Socialiste ë
Shqipërisë / Socialist Party of
Albania) (Prime Minister since October 29, 1999) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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ANDORRA (Principat d'Andorra) |
Regime : Parliamentary democracy
(since March 1993) that retains as its heads of
state a coprincipality ; the two princes are the
president of France and bishop of the See of Urgel,
Spain, who are represented locally by officials
called veguers Jacques René
Chirac - Chief of State
(Co-Prince) Born : on November
29, 1932 in Paris 5th Education :
Graduated from the “Institut d'Etudes
Politiques” in Paris and the Summer School of
Harvard University (USA). (Co-Prince of Andorra since May 17, 1995)
represented by Veguer Jean-Pierre
Courtois
Born : in 1928 Bishop of Urgel (Co-Prince of Andorra since January 30, 1971)
represented by Veguer Francesc Badia
Battalla Marc Forné
Molne - Head of the
Government Born : in 1946 Party : UL
(Uniò Liberal / Partit Liberal Andorra' /
Liberal Union / Liberal Party of Andorra) (Prime Minister since December 7, 1994) Executive Council
president elected by the General Council and
formally appointed by the coprinces ; election last
held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA
2001) Links : |
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AUSTRIA (Republik Österreich)
|
Regime : Federal
Republic Thomas Klestil
- Chief of State Born : in the
Vienna district of Erdberg on November 4, 1932 Education : Primary
and secondary school in Vienna and passed the final
examination in 1952 summa cum laude. He enrolled at
what was then the "College of World Trade" (today
Vienna's University of Economics and Business
Administration), where he completed his studies in
1956, obtaining a Master's Degree "Diplomkaufmann".
He took his Doctorate in Commercial Sciences in
1957. Party : ÖVP
(Österreichische Volkspartei (Austrian
People's Party) (Federal President since July 8, 1992) President elected by
popular vote for a six-year term ; presidential
election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be held
in the spring of 2004) Dr.Wolfgang
Schüessel - Head of the
Government Born : in Vienna on
June 7, 1945 Education :
Following his elementary schooling, he
attended a well-known classical grammar school in
Vienna (the "Schottengymnasium") where he took his
secondary school leaving certificate in 1963. He
went on to study at Vienna University and received
a Doctorate in Law in 1968. Party : ÖVP
(Österreichische Volkspartei (Austrian
People's Party) (Federal Chancellor since February 4, 2000) Chancellor chosen by the
president from the majority party in the National
Council. Links : |
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BELARUS (Respublika Byelarus') |
Regime : Republic
Alyaksandr
Rigoravich
Lukashenka
- Chief of State Born
: on August 20, 1954
in a settlement Kopys, Orsha district, Vitebsk
province. Belarusian Education :
Graduated from two educational establishments:
historical faculty of the Mogilev Teachers'
Training Institute (1975) and the Belarusian
Agricultural Academy (1985). (President since July 20,
1994) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 24 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA ;
according to the 1994 constitution, the next
election should be in 1999, however LUKASHENKO
extended his term to 2001 via the November 1996
referendum) Uladzimir
Vasilyevich
Yarmoshyn
- Chef du Gouvernement Born : in 1940 (Prime Minister since
February 18, 2000) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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BELGIUM (Royaume de Belgique Koninkrijk Belgie)
|
Regime : Constitutional Monarchy
(Federal parliamentary democracy) ALBERT II van Saksen Coburg-Gotha - Chief
of State (Albert Félix Humbert Théodore
Christian Eugène Marie) Born : in Brussels
at the Château du Stuyvenberg, on June 6,
1934 (King of the Belgians since August 9, 1993) The monarchy is
hereditary Guy Verhofstadt
- Head of the Government Born : on April 11,
1953 in Dendermonde Education :
Studying at the University of Ghent, where
he studied law from 1971 till 1975. Jurist in the
liberal trade union and later became a magistrate
with the Industrial Court. (Prime minister since July 12, 1999) Prime minister appointed
by the monarch and then approved by Parliament
Links : |
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BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA (Bosna i Hercegovina)
|
Regime : Emergent
Democracy Jozo Krizanovic
- Presidency
Member (Croat) Born : in 1944 Party : HDZ
(Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica / Croatian
Democratic Community) (Chairman of the Presidency of the Republic
since 14 June 2001) Zlatko Lagumdzija
- Head of the Government Born : on December
26, 1955, in Sarajevo Education/Profession :
After studying at Harvard University he
received a PhD degree in computer science he
returned to Bosnia in 1989 to teach at Sarajevo
University. He is also a professor of Management
Information Systems (MIS) at the School of
Economics at the Computer Science and Electrical
Engineering School, the Director of the Management
and IT Center in Sarajevo, and Head of the
Department of Business Informatics at the School of
Economics, University of Sarajevo. Party : SDP
(Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne I
Hercegovine-Socijaldemokrati / Social Democratic
Party BiH) Political career :
In 1990 he co-founded the SDP. President of the
Social Democratic Party and member of Parliament,
Bosnia and Herzegovina. (Prime minister since 18 July 2001) Also : Minister of
Foreign Affairs The cochairmen of the
Council of Ministers are appointed by the
presidency. Links : Karlo Filipovic -
President Born : Party :
SDP
(Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne I
Hercegovine-Socijaldemokrati / Social Democratic
Party BiH) (President since 28 February 2001) Alija Behmen -
Prime Minister Born : December 25,
1940, Split Education/Profession :
1969 Earned Bachelor Degree from the Faculty
of Economics in Sarajevo. 1974 Earned Master Degree
in Marketing. From the Faculty of Economics
received the Ph.D. defending the Doctor's
Dissertation in area of transport costs modeling
and costs' influence to reproduction and economy's
development . After completion of the university
studies used to work at the Institute of Economics
in Sarajevo. Since May 1970 used to work at
Railways Enterprise. Party : SBiH
(Stranka za Bosnu i Hercegovinu / Party for
BiH) Political career :
On the General Elections in 1998, as a candidate of
the Socialist-Democratic Party (SDP) BiH, elected
representative to the Assembly of the Sarajevo
Canton and Deputy Chairman of the House of Peoples
of the Parliament of the Federation BiH. On March
12, 2001 appointed to the office of the Prime
Minister of the Federation BiH (Prime Minister since March 02, 2001) Mirko Sarovic -
President Born : 1956 Party : SDP
(Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne I
Hercegovine-Socijaldemokrati / Social Democratic
Party BiH) (President since December 16, 2000 - 2st
time) Mladen Ivanic -
Prime Minister Born : September
01, 1958 in Sanski Most, Bosnia and Herzegovina Education/Profession :
Ph. D. 1988, Faculty of Economics,
University of Belgrade M. Sc. 1984, Faculty of
Economics, University of Belgrade B.A. 1981,
Faculty of Economics, University of Banja Luka. (Prime minister since December 2000) |
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BULGARIA (Republika Bulgarija) |
Regime : Republic Petar
Stefanov
Stojanov
- Chief of State Born : on May 25
1952 Education : Law
Degree from the "Saint Kliment Ohridski" University
of Sofia. Party : SDS (Sajuz
na Demokratiãnite Sili / Union of Democratic
Forces) (President since January
22, 1997) President and vice
president elected on the same ticket by popular
vote for five-year terms ; election last held 27
October and 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA
2001) Todor
Kavaldzhiev -
Vice-President Party : SDS (Sajuz
na Demokratiãnite Sili / Union of Democratic
Forces) (Vice-President since January 22, 1997) Simeon
Borisov Sakskoburggotski
(Simeon
II)
- Head of the Government Born
:
in Sofia on June 16,
1937 Education/Profession :
1946-1951 Victoria College, Alexandria,
Egypt. 1951-1957 Lycee Francais, Madrid, Spain.
1958-1959 Valley Forge Military Academy, Wayne, PA,
USA. 1959-1962 Business Administration and Law
courses. Languages :Bulgarian, English, French,
German, Italian, Spanish, and fair knowledge of
Arabic and Portuguese. Business consultant. Party : NDST
(Nacionalno Dvizenie Simeon Tvori (National
Movement Simeon the Second) (Prime Minister since July
24, 2001) Prime minister nominated
by the president. Links : |
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CROATIA (Republika Hrvatska)
|
Regime : Republic Stejepan
Mesic - Chief of State Born : in Orahovica
on December 24, 1934 Education :
Graduated from the Faculty of Law at the
University of Zagreb. Party : HNS
(Hrvatska Narodna Stranka / Croatian People's
Party) (President since February
18, 2000) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 24 January and 17 February 2000 (next to be
held NA 2005) Ivica Racan
- Head of the Government Born : on February
24 , 1944 in Ebersbach, Germany. Education :
Graduated from the Faculty of Law, University of
Zagreb. Party : SDP
(Socialdemokratska Partija Hrvatske / Social
Democratic Party of Croatia) (Prime Minister since January 27, 2000) Prime minister and deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president.
Links : |
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CYPRUS (Kipriaki Dimokratia)
|
Regime : Republic Glafcos Ioannou
Clerides - Chief of State Born : in Nicosia
on 24 April, 1919 Education : Studied
at the Nicosia Pancyprian Gymnasium and in England.
Studied law at King's College of the University of
London and was awarded, in 1948, the L.L.B. In 1951
he was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn. Party : DISY
(Dimokratikos Sinagermos / Democratic
Coalition) (President since February 23, 1993 - 2°
time) The president is both the
chief of state and head of the
government. Post of vice president is
currently vacant ; under the 1960 constitution, the
post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. President elected by
popular vote for five-year terms ; election last
held 15 February 1998 (next to be held NA February
2003) Links : |
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CYPRUS (North) (Kuzey Kibris Türk Cumhuriyeti)
|
Regime : Republic (a
disaggregation of the two ethnic communities
inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of
communal strife in 1963 ; this separation was
further solidified following the Turkish
intervention in July 1974 following a Greek
junta-based coup attempt, which gave the Turkish
Cypriots de facto control in the north ; Greek
Cypriots control the only internationally
recognized government ; on 15 November 1983 Turkish
Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared
independence and the formation of a "Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been
recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call
for the resolution of intercommunal differences and
creation of a new federal system of government)
Rauf
Denktash - Chief of State Born : in Baf
(Paphos), Cyprus, in 1924 Education :
Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn, London. (President since February 13 , 1975) Rauf R. DENKTASH has been
"president" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 13
February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote
for a five-year term); elections last held 15 April
2000 ; Rauf Denktash re-elected , 43.7% after
Dervis Eroglu's (30.2%) withdrawal on the 2d round
(next to be held NA April 2005) Dervis Eroglu
- Head of the Government Born : in Ergazi,
Famagusta in 1938 Education :
Graduated in Medicine from Istanbul University. Party : UBP
(Ulusal Birlik Partisi /
Party of National Unity) (Prime Minister since August 16, 1996 - 2nd
time) Dervis EROGLU has been
"prime minister" of the Turkish Cypriot area since
16 August 1996 ; there is a Council of Ministers
(cabinet) in the Turkish Cypriot area. Links : |
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CZECH REPUBLIC (Ceská Republika) |
Regime : Parliamentary democracy
Václav
Havel - Chief of State Born : October 5,
1936 Prague Education : Worked
as a chemical laboratory technician attending
evening classes at a college preparatory school,
while graduating in 1954. (President since February 2, 1993) President elected by
Parliament for a five-year term ; election last
held 20 January 1998 (next to be held NA January
2003) Milos Zeman
- Head of the Government Born : in Kolin,
Central Bohemia, on September 28, 1944} Education : Prague
School of Economics, from which he graduated in
1969. Party : âSSD
(âeská strana sociálné
demokratická / Czech Social Democratic
Party) (Prime Minister since July 17, 1998) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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DENMARK (Kongeriget Danmark)
|
Regime Constitutional
Monarchy MARGRETHE II - Chief of State (Margrethe Alexandrine Thorhildur Ingrid) Born : April 16,
1940 at Amalienborg Education :
Matriculation (private) 1959 ; Previous
examination in philosophy, Copenhagen University
1960 ; Studies for Diploma in Prehistoric
Archaeology at Cambridge University 1960&endash;61
; studies in political science at Århus
University 1961&endash;62, at the Sorbonne 1963, at
London School of Economics 1965 (Queen since 14 January 1972) The monarchy is
hereditary Poul
Nyrup
Rasmussen
- Head of the Government Born : on June 15,
1943 Education :
Economist University of Copenhagen,
1971. Party : SD
(Socialdemokratiet i Danmark / Social Democracy in
Denmark) (Prime Minister since
January 25, 1993) Prime minister appointed
by the monarch Links : |
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ESTONIA (Eesti Vabariik) |
Regime : Parliamentary
Democracy Lennart Georg
Meri - Chief of State Born : on March 29,
1929, in Tallinn Education : Study
abroad, in nine different schools and in four
different languages. His warmest memories are from
his school years in Lycée Janson de Sailly
in Paris. Graduated cum laude from the Faculty of
History and Languages of Tartu University in
1953. Party : I
(Isamaaliit / Fatherland Union) (President since October 5, 1992) President elected by
Parliament for a five-year term ; election last
held August-September 1996 (next to be held fall
2001) Mart Laar -
Head of the Government Born : on April 22,
1960, in Viljandi Education : MA in
Philosophy from Tartu University, 1994 and BA in
History from Tartu University, 1983. Party : I
(Isamaaliit / Fatherland Union) (Prime Minister since March 25, 1999) Prime minister nominated
by the president and approved by
Parliament. Links : |
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FINLAND (Suomen Tasavalta)
|
Regime : Republic Tarja Kaarina
Halonen - Chief of State Born : on December
24, 1943 Education : Master
of Laws, MP Trade union lawyer. Party : SDP (Suomen
Sosialidemokraatinen Puolue/Finlands
Socialdemokratiska Parti /Social Democratic Party
of Finland) (President since March 1, 2000) President elected by
popular vote for a six-year term ; election last
held 06 February 2000 (next to be held
January/February 2006) Paavo Tapio
Lipponen - Head of the
Government Born : on April 23,
1941 Turtola, Finland Education : Editor
of the student newspaper Ylioppilaslehti 1963-65 ;
Freelance reporter for the Finnish Broadcasting
Company YLE 1965-67 ; international affairs
secretary and planning chief of the political
section 1967-79. Party : SDP (Suomen
Sosialidemokraatinen Puolue/Finlands
Socialdemokratiska Parti /Social Democratic Party
of Finland) (Prime Minister since April 13, 1995) Prime minister appointed
from the majority party by the president after
parliamentary elections ; last held 21 March 1999
(next to be held NA March 2003) Links : |
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FRANCE (République Française)
|
Regime : Republic Jacques René
Chirac - Chief of State Born : on November
29, 1932 in Paris 5th Education :
Graduated from the "Institut d'Etudes Politiques"
in Paris and the Summer School from Harvard
University (USA). Party : RPR
(Rassemblement pour la République / Rally
for the Republic) (President since May 17, 1995) President elected by
popular vote for a seven-year term ; election last
held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by
May 2002) Lionel
Robert Jospin - Head of the
Government Born : on July 12,
1937 in Meudon, Hauts-de-Seine Education : 1956
"Institut d'Etudes Politiques" in Paris ; 1963
completes his studies at the "ENA" ("École
Nationale d'Administration"), leaving in June
1965. Party : PS (Parti
Socialiste / Socialist Party) (Prime Minister since June
3, 1997) Prime minister nominated
by the National Assembly majority and appointed by
the president. Assembly-last held 25 May-1 June
1997 (next to be held NA May 2002) Links : |
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GERMANY (Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
|
Regime : Federal
Republic Johannes
Rau - Chief of State Born : on January
16, 1931 in Wuppertal-Barmen Education : Already
as a schoolboy was active in the Confessing Church,
those circles in the German Protestant Church that
actively resisted National Socialism. The
Confessing Church dictum "teneo, quia teneor" (I
hold because I am held) he adopted as his personal
motto. Party : SPD
(Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / Social
Democratic Party of Germany) (Federal President since July 1, 1999) President elected for a
five-year term by a Federal Convention including
all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal
number of delegates elected by the Land Parliaments
; election last held 23 May 1999 (next to be held
23 May 2004) Gerhard
Schröder - Head of the
Government Born : on 7 April
1944 in Mossenberg Education : 1951 to
1958 elementary school, until 1961 theory as a
retail trade buyer, 1962 to 1964 evening institute,
1964 to 1966 Kolleg of the Bildungsweges with
Abitur. 1966 to 1971 study of the jurisprudence in
Goettingen, 1971 first and 1976 second legal state
examination. Political career :
Since 1963 member of the SPD, 1978 to 1980 Federal
leader of the young socialists, since 1977 member
of the executive committee and 1983 to 1993
chairman of the SPD district Hanover, since 1986
member of the SPD party executive committee, since
May 1989 member of the presidency of the SPD, June
1994 until September 1998 regional chairman of the
SPD Lower Saxony. 1986 to 1998 member of the
federal state parliament Lower Saxony, June 1990
until October 1998 Prime Minister of the country
Lower Saxony. Party : SPD
(Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / Social
Democratic Party of Germany ) (Federal Chancellor since October 27, 1998) Chancellor elected by an
absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a
four-year term ; election last held 27 September
1998 (next to be held in the fall of 2002)
Links : |
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GREECE (Elliniki Dimokratia)
|
Regime : Parliamentary
Republic Konstantinos Dimitriou
[Kostis] Stefanopoulos -
Chief of State Born : in Patras,
in 1926 Education :
Graduate in Law at the University of Athens. Party : PASOK
(Panellino Socialistiko Kinima (Pan-Hellenic
Socialist Movement) (President since March 10, 1995) President elected by
Parliament for a five-year term ; election last
held 9 April 2000-Mr.Stefanopoulos reelected- (next
to be held in 2005) Kostantinos Georgiou
[Kostas] Simitis - Head
of the Government Born : in Athens on
June 23, 1936 Education : Studied
Law and Economics in Germany and in England. He was
awarded the Doctor Juris (Ph.D) degree by the
University of Marburg in 1959. He spend two years
of post-doctoral study at the London School of
Economics between 1961 and 1963. Party : PASOK
(Panellino Socialistiko Kinima (Pan-Hellenic
Socialist Movement) (Prime Minister since January 22, 1996 -
re-elected on April 9, 2000) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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HUNGARY (Magyar Köztársaság) |
Regime : Republic Ferenc Mádl
- Chief of State Born : in
Bánd, on January 29, 1931 Education/Profession
: 1955 :
Doctorate in Law from ELTE University ; 1961-63 :
Student at the International Law Faculty in
Strasbourg ; 1956-71 : Research Worker at the
Institute for Juridical Studies of the Academy of
Sciences of Hungary; 1973-80 : Lecturer then,
teacher at ELTE University ; 1985: Elected member
of Harvard's Academy of Trade Law and International
Law 1989 : Juge at the International Court of
Arbitration in Washington. Political career :
Appointed chairman of the government's
Science Policy Committee in August 1990, and he
headed the Human Resources Policy Cabinet between
1992-93. Between 22 February 1993 and 15 July 1994
he was minister for culture and education. Between
February and July of 1994 he filled the post of
chairman of the Council for Higher Education and
Science. Also in 1994, he was appointed chair of
the National Cultural Fund. He stood as the
opposition MDF-KDNP-FIDESZ's nominee for president
of the republic in 1995. From 1999 he has been a
member of the scientific advisory body for the
Orbán government. On 3 May 2000 he was
nominated by Fidesz and the FKGP for the position
of president of the republic, which he accepted,
and was sworn in on 10th August 2000. His duty, by
Constitution, extends to 5 years. (President since August 4, 2000) President elected by the
National Assembly for a five-year term ; election
last held August 2000 - (next to be held in
2005) Viktor
Orbán - Head of the
Government Born : on May 31,
1963 in Székesfehérvár Education :
1982-1987 : Eötvös Lorand (ELTE)
University in Budapest, Faculty of Political and
Juridical Sciences. Party : Fidesz-MPP
(Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége /
Alliance of Young Democrats) (Prime Minister since July 6, 1998) Prime minister elected by
the National Assembly on the recommendation of the
president. Links : |
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ICELAND (Lydhveldidh Ísland) |
Regime : Constitutional
Republic Ólafur Ragnar
Grîmsson - Chief of State Born : in
Ísafjördur, in Northwest Iceland on May
14, 1943 Education :
Enrolled in the Reykjavík Higher
Secondary Grammar School, graduating in 1962. He
was involved in extra-curricular activities during
his school years and was president of the school's
old debating society. His path then led him to
Manchester University, where he studied economics
and political science. He took his BA degree in
1965 in these subjects and five years later, in
1970, took his doctorate in political science at
the same University. Party : AB (President since August 1, 1996) President elected by
popular vote for a four-year term ; election last
held 29 June 1996 (next to be held NA
2001) Davíd
Oddsson - Head of the Government Born : on January
17 , 1948 in Reykjavík, Iceland Education :
Graduated from Reykjavík College
1970. Law degree from the University of Iceland
1976. Party : SSF
(Sjálfstæisflokkurinn / Independence
Party) (Prime Minister since April 30, 1991) Prime minister appointed
by the president Links : |
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IRELAND (Eire)
|
Regime : Republic Mary Patricia
McAleese - Chief of State Born : on June 27, 1951 Education :
Graduating from Queen's University Belfast, was
called to the Northern Ireland Bar and practised
mainly in criminal and family law. Party : FF (Fianna
Fáil /'Soldiers of Destiny') (President since November 11, 1997) President elected by
popular vote for a seven-year term ; election last
held 31 October 1997 (next to be held NA November
2004) Bartholomew Patrick
[Bertie] Ahern - Head of
the Government Born : on September
12, 1951, in Dublin Education : St.
Patrick's National School, Drumcondra ; St. Aidan's
Christian Brothers, Whitehall ; Rathmines College
of Commerce and University College Dublin. Party : FF (Fianna
Fáil /'Soldiers of Destiny') (Prime Minister since June 26, 1997) Prime minister nominated
by the House of Representatives and appointed by
the president. Links : |
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ITALY (Repubblica Italiana)
|
Regime : Republic Carlo Azeglio
Ciampi - Chief of State Born : in Leghorn,
on December 9, 1920 Education : In 1941
graduated in Letters and obtains a Diploma from the
"Scuola Normale" in Pisa. In 1946 graduation in
Jurisprudence from Pisa University. (President since May 18, 1999) President elected by an
electoral college consisting of both Houses of
Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a
seven-year term ; election last held 13 May 1999
(next to be held NA 2006) Silvio
Berlusconi -
President of the Council of Ministers Born
: September 29, 1936
in Milan Education/Profession
: Studied law at the
University of Milan. Formed Fininvest in 1975 which
now controls Italy's three private Mediaset
television stations and Mondadori, the biggest
publishing house. Party :
Forza Italia / Italian
Force Political experience
: Politically,
Berlusconi's breakthrough came in 1993 when he
founded Forza Italia (Go Italy), the chant of fans
of Italy's national football team. In 1994, he won
national elections and became prime minister in a
coalition with the Lega Nord (Northern League) and
Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance). Resign
seven months later. (President of the Council
of Ministers since June 11, 2001) Links : |
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LATVIA (Latvijas Republika) |
Regime : Republic Vaira
Vike-Freiberga
- Chief of State Born : in Riga,
Latvia, on December 1, 1937 Education : School
in French Morocco, University studies in Canada
(B.A. and M.A., Univ. of Toronto, Ph.D., McGill
Univ.). Retired as professor emerita from the
Universite de Montreal in 1998, after being a
professor of psychology there since 1965. (President since July 8,
1999) President elected by
Parliament for a four-year term (amended from a
three-year term on 4 December 1997) ; election last
held 17 June 1999 (next to be held by NA
2003) Andris
Berzins - Head of the Government Born : in Riga,
August 4, 1951 Education : 1979 -
The Latvian University, the Faculty of History and
Philosophy. Party : LC
(Savienîba "Latvijas ceïð" / Union
Latvia's Way) (Prime Minister since May 5, 2000) Prime minister appointed
by the president Links : |
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LIECHTENSTEIN (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) |
Regime : Hereditary
Constitutional Monarchy PrinceHANS-ADAM II
- Chief of State (Johannes Adam II Pius Ferdinand Alois Josef
Maria Marko d'Aviano) Born : on February
14, 1945 Education :
Elementary school Vaduz ; he enrolled in
1956 the well-known Scot High School Vienna, and
which last Gymnasialjahre spent it in Zuoz (grey
federations), where he obtained his "maturierte" in
spring 1965 and stored at the same time the German
Abitur. Subsequently, he studied St.Gallen
political economy at the university and locked 1969
with the Lizentiat. (Reigning Prince since November 13, 1989) The monarchy is
hereditary Otmar Hasler
- Head of the Government Born :
in 28 September
1953 Education : Party
: FBP
(Fortschrittliche Bürgerpartei in
Liechtenstein / Progressive Citizens' Party in
Liechtenstein) (Chief of the Government since 05 April
2001) Following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party in the
Diet is usually appointed the head of government by
the monarch and the leader of the largest minority
party in the Diet is usually appointed the deputy
head of government by the monarch (last held on 9
and 11 February 2001 (next to be held by NA 2004)
Links : |
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LITHUANIA (Lietuvos Respublika) |
Regime : Parliamentary
Democracy Valdas
Adamkus
- Chief of State Born : in Kaunas on
November 3, 1926 Education : Studied
at the Ausra (Dawn) Gymnasium in Kaunas ; Upon
graduation from the Lithuanian Gymnasium in Germany
entered the Faculty of Natural Science at the
Munich University. (President since February 25, 1998) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 21 December 1997 and 5 January 1998 (next to
be held NA 2003) Algirdas
Mykolas
Brazauskas
- Head of the Government Born :
on 22 September 1932
in Rokiskis Education/Profession :
1956 Graduated from
Kaunas Polytechnic Institute in 1956 as a civil
engineer specialising in hydrotechnical
equipment.
Doctor of Science in
Economics, Doctor honoris causa (Honorary Doctor)
of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Kiev
University, Minsk University of Humanities, Kaunas
University of Technology. Party : LDLP
(Lietuvos demokratinÎ darbo partija /
Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania) Political experience
: 1965 Appointed
Minister of the Building Material Industry. 1967
Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee.
1974 Granted a degree of Doctor of Science in
Economy. 1988 Elected 1st Secretary of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania. 1990
Elected Chairman of the Lithuanian Democratic
Labour Party (LDLP). 1989 Elected a member of the
Supreme Council the Reconstituent Seimas of the
Republic of Lithuania. March 1990-January 1991
Appointed Depurty Prime Minister of the 1st
Government of the Republic of Lithuania. 1992.
Member of the Seimas. Elected Chairman of the
Seimas. 25 November 1992-25 February 1993 Acting
President of the Republic of Lithuania. 1993-1998.
Elected President of the Republic of Lithuania by
direct suffrage, receiving 60 percent of all votes.
Pursuant to the Constitution, suspended his
membership in the LDLP. 2001 Elected Chairman of
the Social Democratic Party. (Prime Minister since July
3, 2001) Premier appointed by the
president on the approval of Parliament. Links : |
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LUXEMBOURG (Grand-Duché de Luxembourg)
|
Regime : Constitutional Monarchy
Grand DucHENRI - Chief of
State (Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie
Guillaume) Born : on April 16,
1955 in Betzdorf Castle, Luxemburg Education : Doctor
Honoris Causa (Humane Letters) from the Sacred
Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut (USA) and
Doctor h.c. of Law from Miami University, Oxford,
Ohio (USA). Doctor h.c.of Economics from the
University of Khon Kaen (Thaïland) and Doctor
rer. pol. h.c. from the University of Trèves
(Germany) (Grand Duc since October 7, 2000) The monarchy is
hereditary Jean-Claude
Juncker - Head of the Government Born : on December
9, 1954, in Rédange-sur-Attert Education :
Elementary school in Belvaux (Bassin Minier)
and secondary studies at the "Ecole de
Clairefontaine" (1967-1974); graduation with a
leaving certificate after completing his
"Lycée Michel Rodange" in Luxembourg-City.
From 1975 to 1979, superior studies at the Law
Faculty from Strasbourg University where he
graduated with a Master Degree in Law, in
1979.Sworn in barrister in February 1980. Party : CSV
(Chrëschtlich Sozial Vollekspartei / Christian
Social People's Party) (Prime Minister since January 20, 1995) Prime ministers appointed
by the monarch but are responsible to the Chamber
of Deputies Links : |
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MACEDONIA (Republika Makedonija) |
Regime : Emerging Democracy
Boris
Trajkovski - Chief of State Born : on June 25,
1956 in Strumica Education : 1974
Graduates High School in Strumica ; 1975 - 1980
Studies at the Law School at the University of Sts.
Cyrilus and Methodius in Skopje. Thesis work in
commercial law and employment law. Professional and
Political History. Party :
VMRO-DMPNE
(Vnatresno-Makedonska Revolucionerna
Organizacija-Demokratska Partija za Makedonsko
Nacionalno Edintsvo / Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for
Macedonian National Unity, conservative)
(President since December 15, 1999) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 20 October 14 november and 5 december 1999
(next to be held NA October 2004) Ljupco
Georgievski - Head of the Government Born : in Stip, in
1966 Education :
Graduated from the Faculty of
Philology-Comparative Literature Desk. Party :
VMRO-DMPNE
(Vnatresno-Makedonska Revolucionerna
Organizacija-Demokratska Partija za Makedonsko
Nacionalno Edintsvo / Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for
Macedonian National Unity, conservative)
(Prime Minister since
November 30, 1998) Council of Ministers
elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in
the Assembly. Links : |
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MALTA (Repubblika ta' Malta) |
Regime : Parliamentary Democracy
Prof.Guido de
Marco - Chief of State Born : at Valletta
on July 22, 1931 Education/Profession :
Educated at St. Joseph High School, St.
Aloysius College and the University of Malta. He
graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in 1952, in
Philosophy, Economics and Italian and in 1955 as a
Doctor of Laws. Since 1967 he has been a lecturer
and later a Professor of Criminal Law at the
University of Malta. Party : PN (Partit
Nazzjonalista / Nationalist Party) Political career :
Elected in the interests of the Nationalist
Party to the House of Representatives in April 1966
and has been returned to Parliament at every
General Election. Secretary General of the
Nationalist Party in 1972. Served until 1977 when
elected Deputy Leader and had since been
uninterruptedly confirmed until his resignation in
March 1999. 1987 appointed Deputy Prime Minister
and Minister of the Interior and Justice. Appointed
as Minister of Foreign Affairs in May 1990 and
remained in office until October 1996. On 18th
September 1990, was elected President of the United
Nations General Assembly (45th Session). (President since April 4, 1999) President elected by the
House of Representatives for a five-year term ;
election last held NA April 1999 (next to be held
by NA April 2004) Edward
Fenech Adami
- Head of the Government Born : in 1934 Education/Profession :
Educated at the Jesuit college and the
University of Malta, where he first studied
economics and the classics and later law. He was
called to the bar in 1959. Party : PN (Partit
Nazzjonalista / Nationalist Party) Political career :
Joined the Christian Democratic Nationalist
Party (PN) in the early 1960. Entered parliament in
1969. In the 1987 elections, the PN again won an
absolute majority and, this time, took over
government with Dr. Eddie Fenech-Adami as Prime
Minister. In the opposition 1996-1998. The period
in opposition was, however, short-lived, as the
Labour Government was unable to retain its majority
in Parliament. (Prime Minister since
September 6, 1998) Following House of
Representatives elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is
usually appointed prime minister by the president
for a five-year term. Links : |
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MOLDOVA (Republica Moldova) |
Regime : Republic Vladimir
Voronin - Chief of State Born : on 25 May
1941 in Corjova,a village near Chisinau Education/Profession
:
In 1961 he graduated
the Technical College from Chisinau,and in 1971 -
Institute of alimentary industry , in 1983 -
Academy of Sciences of CK KPSS,in 1991 Academy of
police of Soviet Union. He began his activity in
1961 in the village Criuleni as a director at a
breadfactory. Since 1966 and till 1971 he was a
director at a breadfactory in Dubasari. In the next
ten years he activated in the parties of Dubasari
and Ungheni. Party : PCRM
(Partidul Comunistilor din Republica Moldova /
Party of the Communists of the Republic of
Moldova) Political carrer :
Since 1983 -
inspector, chief deputy of organizational
department of CK KPSS. In 1985 he is the chief of
the department of ministers congress of RSSM,and
since this year and till 1989- the first secretary
of the committee party of Bender. Since 1989 and
till 1990 he worked as a minister of internal
affairs of RSSM. Till september 1993 he was in the
police reserve of Russian Federation. In 1993 he
was elected as a co-president of organizational
committee in consolidation of Communist Pary in the
Republic of Moldova. Since - first secretary of CK
PCRM. Between 1980-1990 he was a deputy of the
Supreme Council of RSSM. In march of 1998 he is
elected as a deputy in the Parliament of the
Republic of Moldova,member of the permanent
bureau,president of the parliamentary communist
party .In february 2001 he is elected again as a
deputy in the Parliament of the Republic of
Moldova. (President since April 7, 2001) President elected by
popular vote for a four-year term ; election last
held Feb. 25 , 2001 (next to be held by NA April
2005) Vasile Tarlev
- Head of the Government Born : on October
9, 1963 in southern Moldova Education/Profession
: Graduated
from the food technology faculty of the Chisinau
Polytechnic Institute. At the Bucuria candy factory
(Chisinau) since 1991, where he worked as a
mechanic, then Chief Engineer, then Deputy Director
General, and since 1995 - Director General. In 1998
became Doctor of Technical Sciences. Party : PCRM
(Partidul Comunistilor din Republica Moldova /
Party of the Communists of the Republic of
Moldova) Political carrer :
Member of the Supreme Economic Council of
the President of the Republic of Moldova, member of
the Economic Council of the Government of the
Republic of Moldova On April 19, 2001 Vasile Tarlev
is appointed Prime Minister by decree of the
President of the Republic of Moldova, following the
Parliament's vote of confidence. (Prime Minister since April 19, 2001) Following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or
leader of the majority coalition is usually elected
prime minister by Parliament. Links : |
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MONACO (Principauté de Monaco) |
Regime : Constitutional Monarchy
RAINIER III
- Chief of State (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand
Grimaldi) Born
: on May 31, 1923 Education/Profession :
Educated in England, Switzerland, and
France. He served as an artillery officer with the
French army in World War II. Political career :
In 1949 Rainier became the ruler of Monaco
when his grandfather, Prince Louis II (1870-1949),
abdicated because of ill health. (Reigning Prince since May
9, 1949) The monarchy is
hereditary. Patrick
Leclercq
- Head of the Government Born : in 1938, in
Lille, France Education/Profession :
Former student from l'Ecole Nationale
d'Administration (ENA). (State Minister since
January 5, 2000) Minister of state
appointed by the monarch from a list of three
French national candidates presented by the French
Government. Links : |
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MONTENEGRO (Republike Crne Gore) |
Regime : Republic Milo
Djukanovic
- Chief of State Born : on February
15, 1962 in Niksic Education/Profession :
Graduated from the School of Economics in
1986. (President since 15 Jan 1998) The President of the
Republic shall be elected in direct elections and
by secret ballot, on the basis of a general and
equitable voting right, and for a term of office of
five years. Filip
Vujanovic
- Head of the Government Born : in Belgrade,
on September 1, 1954 Education/Profession :
1978 graduated from the Faculty of Law. (Prime
Minister since 5 Feb 1998) The candidate for the
Prime Minister is proposed by the President of the
Republic and shall present to the Assembly his
program and shall propose the list of ministers of
his Government to the Assembly. Links : |
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NETHERLANDS (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)
|
Regime : Constitutional Monarchy
BEATRIX van
Oranje Nassau - Chief of State (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard) Born : at Soestdijk
Palace in Baarn on January 31, 1938 Education : In
1956, the Princess enrolled as a student at Leiden
University. In her first years at university, she
attended lectures in sociology, jurisprudence,
economics, parliamentary history and constitutional
law. In the course of her studies she also attended
lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the
Netherlands Antilles, the Charter of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands, international affairs,
international law, history and European law. (Queen since April 30, 1980) The monarchy is
hereditary. Willem [Wim]
Kok - Head of the Government Born : on September
29, 1938 in Bergambacht (Krimpenerwaard) Education/Profession :
After completing his
secondary education, he attended Nijenrode Business
School. he then completed his military service and
worked for a trading company for a short time.In
1961, was appointed assistant international officer
of the Netherlands Federation of Trae Unions
Construction Section. He was appointed staff member
for economic affairs of the same union in 1965,
and, in 1967, union secretary. In 1969, appointed
secretary to the Netherlands Federation of Trade
Unions (NVV). Party
: PvdA (Partij van de
Arbeid / Labour Party) Political career :
From 1986 to 1989 and
again after the 1994 election, Mr. Kok was a member
of the Lower House of the States General and leader
of the parliamentary labour party (Pvda); In 1989,
he was elected deputy chairman of the Socialist
International. Deputy Priminister and Minister of
Finance in the third Lubbers Government from 7
November 1989 to 22 August 1994. On 22 August 1994,
he was appointed Prime Minister and Minister for
Genenral Affairs in the Government that bears his
name. (President Minister since August 22, 1994) Following Second Chamber
elections, the leader of the majority party or
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed
prime minister by the monarch. Links : |
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NORWAY (Kongeriket Norge) |
Regime : Constitutional Monarchy
HARALD V of Slesvig-Holstein
Sonderburg-Glücksburg - Chief of State Born : on February
21, 1937 Education : Normal
schooling and matriculation at Oslo University,
followed by Cadet College for Cavalry Officers and
Military Academy, then social science, history and
economics at Balliol College, Oxford. (King since 17 January 1991) The monarchy is
hereditary Jens
Stoltenberg - Head of the
Government Born : in Oslo on
March 16 , 1959 Education/Profession :
Was a part-time journalist on the national
daily Arbeiderbladet 1979-1981. Candidatus
economiae (economist) at the University of Oslo
from 1987. Executive officer at Statistics Norway
1989-1990 and lectured in economics at the
University of Oslo 1989-1990. Party : DNA (Det
Norske Arbeiderparti (Norwegian Labour Party) Political career :
Secretary at Oslo
Labour Party 1981.
Member of the Storting 1989-1993. State
secretary at the Ministry of the Environment
1990-1991 under Gro Harlem Brundtland's government.
Member of the Storting's standing committee on
social affairs 1991-1993. Member of the Storting
(parliament) for Oslo since 1993. Minister of Trade
and Energy 1993-1996 in Gro Harlem Brundtland's
government. Minister of Finance 1996-1997 in
Thorbjørn Jagland's government. He was
Labour's parliamentary leader at the change of
government, leader of the standing committee on oil
and energy affairs 1997-2000. (Prime Minister since March 17, 2000 {After
Bondevik's resignation) Following parliamentary
elections, the leader of the majority party or
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed
prime minister by the monarch with the approval of
the Parliament. Links : |
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POLAND (Rzeczpospolita Polska) |
Regime : Democratic
Republic Aleksander Kwasniewski
- Chief of State Born : on November
15, 1954, in Bialogard, (formerly Koszalin
Voivodship, presently West-Pomeranian Province) Education/Profession :
In the years 1973-1977, Aleksander
Kwasniewski reads for transport economics (foreign
trade) at the Gdansk University. Party : SLD (Sojusz
Lewicy Demokratycznej / Alliance of Democratic
Left) (President since December 23, 1995) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election first
round held 5 November 1995, second round held 8
October 2000- Kwasniewski
reelected
(next to be held
NA November 2005) Jerzy
Buzek - Head of the
Government Born : on July 3,
1940 at Smilowice Education/Profession :
He graduated from the Mechanical-Power
Engineering Department of the Silesian Polytechnic,
specialising in chemical engineering. He is
technical sciences professor. He was scientific
researcher at the Chemical Engineering Institute of
the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gliwice. Party : AWS (Akcja
Wyborcza Solidarnosc / Solidarity Electoral
Action) (Prime Minister since October 31, 1997) Prime minister appointed
by the president and confirmed by the
Sejm. Links : |
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PORTUGAL (República Portuguesa)
|
Regime : Parliamentary
Democracy Jorge Fernando Branco de
Sampaio - Chief of State Born : in Lisbon on
18 September, 1939 Education/Profession :
In 1961 he graduated in law from the Faculty
of Law of Lisbon University. Party : PS (Partido
Socialista / Socialist Party) Political career :
Member of the Socialist party since 1978, he
was first elected to parliament in 1979 and was
reelected four times ; he headed the Socialist
party from 1989 to 1992. Sampaio was a popular
mayor of Lisbon from 1989 to 1995. Elected to the
presidency in 1996 and reelect in 2001, he promised
to promote stability, rid Portugal of political
corruption, aid the disadvantaged, and fight rising
unemployment. (President since March 9, 1996) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA January
2005) António Manuel de
Oliveira Guterres - Head
of the Government Born : on April 30,
1949 at Santos-o-Velho, Lisboa Education/Profession :
1966-1971 B.A in Electrotecnical
Engineering, from the "Instituto Superior
Técnico" ; 1972 - Post- Graduation in
"Economics for Engineers", at the "Instituto
Superior Técnico". Party : PS (Partido
Socialista / Socialist Party) (President of the Council
of Ministers since October 30, 1995,
reelected on Oct.10 1999) Following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed
prime minister by the president. Links : |
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ROMANIA (România) |
Regime : Republic Ion Iliescu
- Chief of State Born
: March 03,
1930 in Oltenita Education/Profession
: Graduated
from the Faculty of Electronics of the
Polytechnical Institute in Bucarest and from the
institute of Energetics in Moscow. In the early
1970's, he has appointed Chairman of the National
Water Resources Council where he directed the
management and conservation of Romania's water
resources. From 1984 to 1989, served as director of
the Technical Publishing House in Bucharest. Party
: PDSR
(Partidul Democratiei Sociale din România /
Social Democracy Party of Romania) Political career
: In 1971,
became a Secretary of the Communist Party's Central
Committee. Between February and May 1990, he
presided over the Provisional National Unity
Council, including representatives of all the
political parties that came into being in January
1990. On May 20, 1990, Ion Iliescu was elected
President of Romania. In the second round of
presidential elections, on October 11, 1992 - the
first fully free elections to be held in accordance
with the new Constitution - he won 61.43% of the
11,910,609 valid ballots cast. Reelect President in
10 December 2000. (President since December 20, 2000 - 2nd
time) President elected by
popular vote for a four-year term ; election last
held 26 November 2000, with runoff between the top
two candidates held 10 December 2000 (next to be
held NA November/December 2004) Adrian Nastase
- Head of the Government Born : 22 June
1950, in Bucharest, Romania Education/Profession
: 1973 -
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Law, LL.M. in
Law. 1978 - University of Bucharest, Faculty of
Sociology, M.A. in Sociology. 1987 - University of
Bucharest, Ph.D. in International Law. 1994 -
Sorbonne University, Paris I &endash;
Panthéon, Associate Professor of Public
International Law. Professor of Public
International Law : 1990 -1997. (Foreign languages
: English, French) Party : PDSR
(Partidul Democratiei Sociale din România /
Social Democracy Party of Romania) Political career
: 28 June 1990
- 16 October 1992 Minister of Foreign Affairs.
October 1992 - November 1996 President of the
Chamber of Deputies within the Parliament of
Romania, Bucharest. October 1992 - Member of the
International Assembly of the Francophone Members
of Parliament - the European Section (at the
present moment : The Parliamentary Assembly of the
Francophones). 1993 - 1997 Executive President of
the Executive Board of the Social Democracy Party
of Romania. December 1996 Vice President of the
Chamber of Deputies. December 2000 Prime
Vice-President of PDSR ensuring the interim of the
Party Presidency. 28 December 2000 Appointed and
validated as Prime Minister of Romania. 19 January
2001 Elected President of the PDSR (Prime Minister since 28 December, 2000) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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RUSSIA (Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) |
Regime : Russian
Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich
Putin - Chief of State Born : on October
7, 1952, in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) Education/Profession :
1975 : Law Department, Leningrad State
University. 1975 - After graduating from university
he started to work in KGB's foreign intelligence
service, mainly in Germany, worked also as adviser
of the Leningrad State Unuiversity's rector on
international cooperation. Political career :
1990 - Left KGB, and became close to
Sobchak, first as a head of mayor's external
relations committee and then, from March 1994 as a
deputy mayor. He headed also the local branch of
Our Home is Russia. 1996 (Sep) - resigned after
Sobchak's defeat and moved to Moscow, where he was
appointed deputy head of the management department
in the presidential administration under P.Borodin.
1997 March - 1998 May - heads Main Controlling
Department of the Presidential Administration.
1998, May - appointed deputy head of administration
in charge of relations with the regions. 1998,
August - Director of FSB, member of the Security
Council since October. 1999, March - appointed also
secretary of the Security Council. 1999, August 9 -
Proposed by Yeltsin as new Prime Minister. (President since December 31, 999 {acting to 7
May 2000}) President usually elected
by popular vote for a four-year term ; election
last held 26 March 2000 -Putin elected in the 1st
Round with 52,8%. (next to be held NA
2004) Mikhail Mikhaylovich Kasyanov
- Head of Government Born : 1957
Solntsevo, Moscow Oblast Education/Profession :
Graduated from the Moscow Automobile
Institute and the State Planning Committee's
(Gosplan) Higher Economics Program. After serving
in the army worked at the USSR State Committee for
Construction's industrial transport research
institute. 1981-1990 - worked at the USSR State
Planning Committee first as an engineer, and
subsequently as a senior economist, chief expert
and section chief. Political career :
In 1990 he was appointed chief of the
section for foreign economic relations at the
Russian State Committee for Economics. 1991 - The
head of the department of foreign economic
relations, Ministry of Finances. 1993-1995 - The
head of the department for foreign credit debt,
Ministry of Finances since 1995 - the Deputy
Minister of Finance and 1996, December - appointed
the member of the Intergovernmental Commission on
the Council of Europe. 1999, May - appointed
Minister of Finance in S.Stepashin's government.
Responsible for negotiations with the London and
Paris Clubs. 1999, August - reappointed in V.
Putin's government. 2000 (Jan) - Appointed First
Deputy Prime Minister. Chairman of the Government- since May 7 , 2000
(acting to 17 May) Prime Minister appointed
by the president with the approval of the
Duma. Links : |
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SAN-MARINO (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino) |
Regime : Republic Luigi
Lonfernini - Capitano Reggente Born : 31 agosto
1938 Education/Profession
: In 1962 he graduated
with a Law degree from Bologna. Chairman of the
Lawyers' Bar. Party : PDCS
(Partito Democratico
Cristiano Sammarinese / Sanmarinese
Christian-Democratic Party) Political career
: From 1964 to 1983 he
was a member of the Great General Council , a post
he held again in 1998. From 1964 to 1978 he was
also a member of the State Congress. During a
period of time between 1988 and 1995 he was
Chairman of the assembly for freelances and
chairman of the Lawyers'Bar. (Capitano- reggente since April 1, 2001 - 2nd
time) The two Capitani Reggenti
(Ruling Capitans) are elected every half
year. Fabio Berardi
- Capitano Reggente Born :
on May
26,1959 Education/Profession :
Graduated with a
degree in Geology Sciences from the university of
Bologna in 1983. Appointed for two consecutive
terms chairman of the Geologists' Order of San
Marino. He currently serves as the head of the
exercise administration for State
productions. Party : PSS
(Partito Socialista Sammarinese / Socialist Party
of San Marino) Political career :
As for politics, since
the end of 1970 he was elected to the Great General
Council until the 1998 meetings. Currently he is a
member of the secretary's office of the Socialist
Party. He is a member of the Interparliamentary
Union, of the Health, Territory and Finance
Commission. (Capitano-reggente since April 1, 2001) The two Capitani Reggenti
(Ruling Capitans) are elected every half
year. Gabriele
Gatti - Head of the Government (Secretary of State for Foreign and Political
Affairs since July 1986) The government is formed
by the PCDS and PSS. Links : |
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SERBIA (Republika Srjbska) |
Regime : Republic Milan
Milutinovic - Chief of State Born : on December
19, 1942 in Belgrade Education
: He graduated from the Faculty of Law in
Belgrade. (President of Serbia
since December 29, 1997) Zoran
Djindjic - Head of
the Government Born
: on August 1,
1952 Education
: Graduated in
Philosophy at the University of Belgrade and
received his doctoral degree at the University of
Konstantz, Germany. Party
: DS (Demokratska
Stranka / Democratic Party) {Member of : DOS,
SZP} (Prime Minister since
January 25, 2001) Links : |
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SLOVAKIA (Slovenská Republika) |
Regime : Parliamentary
Democracy Rudolf
Scuster - Chief of State Born : on January
4, 1934, at Kosice Education/Profession :
Civil Engineering- specialization in
construction engineering (Slovak Tecnical
University, Bratislava, graduation in 1959).
Doctorate in Ecology from the Mines Faculty from
the Tecnical University in Kosice. Professional
Career: 1960 - Regional Agricultural Planning
Institute, Bratislava, designer. Party : SOP
(Strana obcianskeho
porozumenia / Party of Civic
Understanding) (President since June 15, 1999) The president is elected
for a five year term by the people. Elections :
last held 15-29 May 1999 (next to be held NA May
2005) Mikulás
Dzurinda - Head of the Government Born : on February
4, 1955, at Spissky Stvrtok, in Kosice region Education/Profession :
Studid at the Traffic and Communications
University in Zilina (1974-1979). He finished his
external science research student's post at this
faculty in 1989 and gained the title of science
candidate. In 1993 Dzurinda attended a six-week
course at the Adam Smith Institute and at the
Economical Relations Institute in London. Party : SDK
(Slovenská
demokratická koalícia / Slovak
Democratic Coalition) Political career :
Entered Slovak
politics as one of the founding members of the
Christian Democratic Movement (CDM), a conservative
political party established in Slovakia in 1990.
1991 Deputy Minister of Transportation and Postal
Service of the Slovak Republic. In 1992, he was
elected to the Slovak Parliament where he worked on
the Finance and Budget Committee. When Slovakia
became an independent country (1993), was promoted
to the position of the Vice Chairman for Economy
within the CDM's ranks. From March to October 1994,
he was the Minister of Transportation, Postal
Service, and Public Works of the Slovak Republic.
After the fall 1994 elections, he returned to the
opposition as the member of the parliament. In 1997
coalesced in the Slovak Democratic Coalition.
Spokesman of the party and later, as of July 4,
1998, its Chairman. In January 2000 founded a new
political party, the Slovak Democratic and
Christian Union, of which he became the
Chairman. (Prime Minister since October 30, 1998) Following National Council
elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed
prime minister by the president. Links : |
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SLOVENIA (Republika Slovenija) |
Regime : Parliamentary
Democratic Republic Milan Kucan
- Chief of State Born : on 14
January 1941 in Krizevci Education/Profession :
Studied law at the university of Ljubljana.
Graduate in 1958. Party :
Independent Political career :
Secretary of the socialist alliance, 1978 to
1982 president of the Slovenian parliament. As a
chairman of the Slovenian kp (1986-1989) it
initiated liberal reforms and the democratization
of its country: In the presidency elections of 1992
and 1997 Kucan was acknowledged in each case with
large majority in the office. (President since May 10, 1990 - second term in
November 1997) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 24 November 1997 (next to be held NA
2002) Dr.Janez
Drnovsek - Prime Minister Born : May 17, 1950
in Celje, Slovenia. Education : Dr.
Janez Drnovsek obtained his Ph.D. in Economics at
the University of Maribor, Slovenia, specializing
in monetary policies. In 1994 he received an
Honorary Degree at the Boston University. Party : LDS
(Liberalna Demokracija
Slovenije / Liberal Democracy of
Slovenia) Political career :
Elected on the first democratic elections in
the region, on April 2, 1989, to the post of the
Slovenian representative to the collective
Presidency of the former Yugoslavia. From May 1989
to May 1990, held the position of President of the
Presidency of the former Yugoslavia. Elected Prime
Minister of the Republic of Slovenia in April
1992. (Prime Minister since November 17, 2000 - 2d
time) Following National
Assembly elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of a majority coalition is
usually nominated to become prime minister by the
president and elected by the National
Assembly. Links : |
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SPAIN (España)
|
Regime : Parliamentary
Monarchy JUAN CARLOS I de Borbón y
Borbón - Chief of State (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María
de Borbón y Borbón) Born : on January
5, 1938 in Rome Education : In 1954
, got his baccalaureate from the "Instituto San
Isidro", in Madrid, and from 1955 on, he carried on
his studies in military academies and schools, of
the 3 army corps where he ranked as an officer. In
1960-61 he completed his formation at the
Complutense University in Madrid, where he studied
Political and International Law, Economics and
Public Finance. (King since November 22, 1975) The monarchy is
hereditary José María
Aznar Lopez - Head of the
Government Born : in Madrid on
February 25, 1953 Education : L.L.B
in Law from the Complutense University in
Madrid. Party :
PP (Partido Popular /
People's Party) (President of the Council of Ministers since May
5, 1996) President proposed by the
monarch and elected by the National Assembly
following legislative elections ; election last
held 12 March 2000 -Aznar reelected. (next to be
held by NA April 2003) Links : |
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SWEDEN (Konungariket Sverige)
|
Regime : Constitutional Monarchy
CARL XVI Gustaf Folke Hubertus Bernadotte
- Chief of State Born : on April 30,
1946 at Haga Palace Education : In
1968-69 the Crown Prince followed a programme of
academic studies, comprising history, sociology,
political science, financial law and economics, at
the University of Uppsala. Later he also studied
economics at the University of Stockholm. (King since September 15, 1973) The monarchy is
hereditary Göran
Persson - Head of the
Government Born : on January
20, 1949 in Vingaker Education/Profession :
1969 Upper secondary scholl leiving
certificate enginnering course. 1969-71 studies at
the University College of Örebro. Party : SAP
(Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Arbetarepartiet /
Sweden Social Democratic Workers' Party) (Prime Minister since March 21, 1996) Prime minister elected by
the Parliament ; election last held NA September
1998 (next to be held NA 2002) Links : |
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SWITZERLAND (Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft) (Confédération Suisse) (Confederazione Svizzera) |
Regime : Federal
Republic Moritz
Leuenberger - Chief of
State Born : September
21, 1946 in Rohrbach Education :
Graduation in Law from Zürich University Party :
Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz (SP)
/ Parti Socialiste Suisse (PS) / Partito Socialista
Svizzera (PS) - (Socialist Party of
Switzerland) (President of the Confederation since January 1,
2001) Also see :
Head of Federal Department of
Transport, Communications and Energy The president is both the
chief of state and head of government. President and vice
president elected by the Federal Assembly from
among the members of the Federal Council for
one-year terms that run concurrently election last
held December 06, 2000 (next to be held NA December
2001) Kaspar Villiger
- Vice-President Born : February 5,
1941 in Sins Education/Profession
:
Engineer graduated
from the EPFZ Party
:
Freisinnig-Demokratische
Partei (FDP) / Parti Radical-Démocratique
(PRD) - (Free Democratic Party) (Vice-President of the Confederation since
January 1, 2001) Also see :
Head of Federal Departement
of Finance Links : |
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UKRAINE (Ukrayina) |
Regime : Republic Leonid Danylovych
Kuchma - Chief of State Born : on August 9,
1938, in the Chernihiv region, Ukraine Education/Profession :
Graduated from Dnipropetrovsk State
University, Department of Physical Engineering, in
1960. In 1986-1992 years there were by the general
director of a production association " Yugnyi
machine works ". Since December 1993 till July to
1994 fate headed the Ukrainian union of the
industrialists and businessmen Political career :
October 13, 1992 was elected by the prime
minister of Ukraine. Some months was the deputy of
the supreme Body of Ukraine XIII of convocation -
since March till August, 1994. Is elected by the
President of Ukraine on the second term. (President since July 19, 1994 / reelected in
1999) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 31 October and 14 November 1999 (next to be
held NA October 2005) Anatoliy Kinakh -
Head of the Government Born : on August 4,
1954 in Moldova Education/Profession :
He graduated from
Leningrad shipbuilding institute in 1978 majoring
in shipbuilding engineering. 1978-1992 - worked at
ship repair and building plants in Talin and
Mykolaiv starting from dock specialist and promoted
to production manager of the plant. Political career
:
1990 - was elected the
deputy of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of 12th
convocation. 1992-1995 - representative of the
President of Ukraine in Mykolaiv region - head of
the regional state administration. 1994-1995 - head
of Mykolaiv region council of national deputies.
1995-1996 - Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine on
industrial policy. Since 1996 - advisor to the
President of Ukraine on industrial policy. Since
May 1997 - member of Interagency Council on
implementation of economic reform programs. Since
June 1997 - first deputy board chairman of
International Congress of Industrials and
Entrepreneurs. Since July 1997 - member of higher
economic council of the President of Ukraine,
chairman of the interagency coordinative council on
privatization of strategically important industrial
enterprises. Since September 1997 - member of the
national council of Ukraine on quality. Since March
1998 - deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of
14th convocation, chairman of the committee on
industrial policy. August 1999 - December 1999 -
First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine. By
presidential Decree N347 of May 29, 2001, Anatoliy
Kinakh was appointed Prime Minister of Ukraine.
(Prime Minister since May 29, 2001) Prime minister and deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president and
approved by the People's Council. Links : |
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UNITED KINGDOM (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
|
Regime : Constitutional
Monarchy ELIZABETH II - Chief of State (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor) Born : in London on
April 21, 1926 Education :
Princess Elizabeth was educated at home with
Princess Margaret, her younger sister. After her
father succeeded to the throne in 1936 and she
became heir presumptive, she started to study
constitutional history and law. She also studied
art and music etc… (Queen since February 6, 1952) The monarchy is
hereditary Anthony
Charles Lynton [Tony] Blair
- Head of the Government Born : in Edinburgh
on May 6, 1953 Education/Profession :
Educated at Durham Choristers School, Fettes
College, Edinburgh, and at St John's College,
Oxford, where he studied law. He was called to the
Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1976 and practised as a
barrister until 1983, specialising in employment
and industrial law. Party : Lab
(Labour Party) (Prime Minister since May
2 , 1997) The prime minister is the
leader of the majority party in the House of
Commons (assuming there is no majority party, a
prime minister would have a majority coalition or
at least a coalition that was not rejected by the
majority) House of Commons-last held 1 May 1997
(next to be held by NA May 2002) Links : |
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VATICAN (Stato della Città del Vaticano) |
Regime : Monarchical-Sacerdotal
State GIOVANNI PAOLO II (Karol Józef
Woytila) - Chief of State Born : on Aug.27,
1906 in Kraków Education/Profession
: 1926 -
elementary school for boys ; then prepparatory
school before secondary at"Marcin Wadowita's" where
he always was with top grades.1933 - finishes the
3d year of High School.. 1935 - Admission into
Society of Mary. 1939 - Enrolls the Faculty of
Philosophy (course of Polish Philosophy) at
Jagellonian University in Kraków. 1942 -
Starts des clandestine studies for piesthood at the
under ground seminary in Kraków; registers
at the Faculty of Theology of Jagellonian
University. On Sept.9 is reçoit la tonsure.
Le 13 octobre 1946 il est sous- diaconat. Le 20
octobre il Diaconate. July 3, 1947 earns licencate
in theology. On Dec. 30, 1962 becomes Metropolitan
of Kraków.On May 29, 1967 Paul VI announces
the next Consistory. Among the names of new elected
cardinals, is that of Karol Wojtyla. On Oct., 1978,
Cardinal Karol Wojtyla is elected 263°
Successor of Peter at approximately 5:15 p.m. (Pope since October 16, 1978) Pope elected for life by
the College of Cardinals ; election last held 16
October 1978 (next to be held after the death of
the current pope) Cardinal Angelo
Sodano - Head of the Government (Secretary of State
since December 1, 1990) Secretary of state
appointed by the pope. |
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YUGOSLAVIA (Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) |
Regime : Republic Vojislav
Kostunica -
Chief of State Born : in Belgrade
in 1944 Education/Profession
: In 1966, he completed studies at the
Faculty of Law, where he received his Masters in
1970, and his Doctorate in 1974. - Member of the Serbian PEN Centre - (President of the
Federation since October 7, 2000) President elected by the
Federal Assembly for a four-year term ; election
last held October 2000 (next to be held NA
2004) Dragisa Pesic
- Head of the
Government Born
: in Danilovgrad in
1954 Education/Profession :
Graduated from the
Faculty of Economics in Sarajevo. Party :
SNP (Socialist
People's Party) Politcal
career :He was
chairman of the Executive Committee of the
municipal assembly in Podgorica, a member of the
Central Committee of the Democratic Party of
Socialists and president of the DPS until its
breakup in 1997. He has been a member of the
Socialist People's Party (SNP) since its
foundation, and now he is on the Executive
Committee. He was a parliamentarian in the national
assembly for 4 years (1996-2000), and he held the
chair of the Budget Committee for two years.
Finance Minister in the Bulatovic and Zizic
Cabinets. (Prime Minister since July
24, 2001) Prime minister appointed
by the president Links : |
UNMIBH
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ALAND (Dependency of Finland) |
Regime : Åland autonomous
region Roger Nordlund -
Head of the Government Born : 1957 Party : AC
(Ålands Center / Aland Centre) (Prime Minister since 02 December 1999) Links : |
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FEROE (islands) (Foroyar) (Overseas territory of Denmark) |
Regime : NA (not
available) Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark - Chief of
State (since January 14 , 1972) Represented by High Commissioner Vibeke
Larsen (Chief administrative officer since 1995) High Commissioner
appointed by the monarch. Vibeke Larsen -
High Commissioner Born : 20 july
1944 (Chief administrative officer since1995) High Commissioner
appointed by the monarch. Anfinn
Kallsberg - Head of the
Government Born : 19 November
1947 in Klaksvík Party : FF
(Fólkaflokkurin / People's Party) (Prime Minister since May 9, 1998) Also : Minister of
Constitutional Affairs, Foreign Affairs and
Municipality Affairs Following legislative
elections, the leader of the party that wins the
most seats is usually elected prime minister by the
Faroese Parliament ; election last held 30 April
1998 (next to be held NA 2002) Links : |
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GIBRALTAR (Gibraltar) (U.K Territory) |
Regime : NA (not
available) ELIZABETH II Alexandra Mary Windsor
- Chief of State (Queen since February 6, 1952) Represented by David DURIE Governor appointed by the
monarch. H.E. Hon.David
Durie - Governor and Commander-
in- Chief Born : in 1944 (Governor and Commander- in- Chief since April
2000) Governor appointed by the
monarch. Peter
Richard Caruana - Head of the
Government Born : in Gibraltar
on October 15, 1956 Education :
Educated at Christian Brothers School Grace Dieu
House, Leicester Queen Mary College, University of
London Council Legal Education, London. Party : GSD
(Gibraltar Social
Democrats) (Chief Minister since May 17, 1996 - reelected
in 2000) Chief minister appointed
by the governor. Links : |
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GUERNSEY (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (British crown dependency) |
Regime : NA (not
available) ELIZABETH II Alexandra Mary Windsor
- Chief of State (Queen since February 6, 1952) Represented by His Excellency Sir
John Foley SirJohn
Foley - Head of the Government Born : 1939 (Lieutenant Governor since May 2000) Lieutenant Governor
appointed by the monarch. De Vic Graham
Carey - Baillif Born : 1940 (Bailiff since February 15, 1999) Bailiff appointed by the
monarch. Links : |
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ISLE of MAN (Isle of Man) (British crown dependency) |
Regime : NA (not
available) ELIZABETH II Alexandra Mary Windsor
- Chief of State (Queen since February 6, 1952) Represented by His Excellency Ian
David MAC FADYEN Lieutenant governor
appointed by the monarch for a five-year term.
His Excellency
Ian David Mac
Fadyen Born : in 1941 (Lieutenant Governor since 2000) Donald James Gelling
- Head of the Government (Chief Minister since 1996) The chief Minister is
elected by the Tynwald Links : |
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JERSEY (Bailiwick of Jersey) (U.K Territory) |
Regime : NA (not
available) ELIZABETH II Alexandra Mary Windsor
- Chief of State (Queen since February 6 , 1952) Sir
John
Cheshire
- Head of the Government Born : 1944 Education/Profession
: During almost 40 years in the Royal Air
Force, Sir John has served in a wide variety of
operational and staff appointments around the
world. Between 1980 and 1985, he completed
consecutive command tours as the last Royal Air
Force commander of the Sultan of Brunei's Air
Force, and as station commander of Royal Air Force
Lyneham. He then studied Russian before serving as
the Defence and Air Attaché at the British
Embassy in Moscow until 1990. (Lieutenant Governor since 24 January 2001) Lieutenant governor
appointed by the monarch. Sir
Philip
Martin Bailhache Born : on 28
February 1946 Education/Profession
: Educated at Charterhouse and at Pembroke
College, Oxford, where he obtained an honours
degree in jurisprudence. He was called to the
English Bar in 1968 and to the Jersey Bar in
1969. Political career :
He was a member of the Jersey States from
1972 to 1975, when he was appointed Solicitor
General. He was appointed Attorney General in
January 1986, Deputy Bailiff in January 1994 and
Bailiff in February 1995. (Bailiff since February 1995) Bailiff appointed by the
monarch. Links : |
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